Recent Briefings & Analysis
guide
How to Appoint an EU Representative: GDPR, DSA, AI Act, NIS2 and the Data Act
The five designation duties, the five steps that discharge them, the deadlines already running — and where the representative has to be named.
How to appoint an EU representativebriefings
EU Representative vs. Data Protection Officer: What Is the Difference?
Article 27 and Article 37 GDPR create two separate roles: when each applies, whether one person can hold both, and what the EDPB Guidelines 3/2018 actually say.
EU representative and data protection officer comparedbriefings
Fines for Not Appointing an EU Representative: What the Record Shows
The one documented GDPR fine (Locatefamily, EUR 525,000, 12 May 2021), the German DDG and BSIG figures, and why the 6% headline does not apply here.
Fines for not appointing an EU representativebriefings
EU Representative Duties Compared: GDPR, DSA, AI Act and NIS2
The five designation duties compared — Art. 27 GDPR, Art. 13 DSA, Art. 54 AI Act (Art. 22 from Dec 2027/Aug 2028), Art. 26(3) NIS2, Art. 37(11) Data Act: triggers, tasks, liability and deadlines side by side.
Compare the representative dutiesbriefings
The DSA Article 13 Legal Representative: Duties and Liability
Providers of intermediary services without an EU establishment that offer services in the Union must designate a legal representative under Article 13 DSA — the representative can itself be held liable, and the designation is notified to the Digital Services Coordinator.
Article 13 DSA: duties of the legal representativebriefings
NIS2 Implementation in Germany — Expanded Cybersecurity Obligations for Tech Companies
Overview of Germany’s NIS2 national transposition, the expanded obligations, and the official BSI affected-party assessment tool.
NIS2 in Germany explainednews
Apple Fined €500m, Meta €200m — Europe’s Digital Rulebook Is Now Enforcing.
DSA enforcement in 2026news
CJEU Russmedia (C-492/23) — A New Architecture of EU Platform Liability.
Analysis of the CJEU’s Russmedia decision and its consequences for US and international platforms operating in the EU.
The Russmedia judgment (C-492/23)news
Agentic AI under the EU AI Act — A Risk-Based Regime Meets Its First Stress Test.
Legal analysis of how Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 applies to agentic AI systems whose output is no longer text, but action.
Agentic AI under the AI Act